How representative is the House of Commons in terms of gender and Essay

How delegate is the House of Commons as far as sexual orientation and ethnicity - Essay Example An end with certain proposals on how the issue can be tended to is additionally given. Presentation The Great Britain has two places of assembly; the House of Commons and the House of Lords. The House of Commons is the lower house in the British Parliament. The House includes chose individuals from Parliament, who speak to the interests of the bodies electorate they are chosen from. The House of Commons employs a massive force on the control of the administration, since it is the one answerable for making enactments, while the upper house, the House of Lords, has an oversight job over the House of Commons, with no forces to dismiss the enactments done by the lower house, yet just to defer such activities (History Learning Site, 2013 n.p.). In this manner the legislature with the leader is exceptionally subject to the participation with the House of Commons, to execute its orders (History Learning Site, 2013 n.p.). Regardless of the considerable number of endeavors that have been made to have the House of Commons that is illustrative of the minority, ethnic and sex balance, the circumstance has not totally borne natural products. By 2009, the House of Lords was seen as increasingly illustrative of the social assorted variety in the British society, having sensible quantities of ladies and ethnic minorities, contrasted with the House of Commons (Philips, 2009 n.p.). The quantity of ethnic minorities in the British House of Commons continuously 2009 was a pitiful 15, which is anyway an outstanding improvement from the past periods, where the portrayal for ladies and the ethnic minority was altogether less (Philips, 2009 n.p). Along these lines, in light of this pattern, it is judicious to presume that the House of Commons isn't illustrative of the sex and ethnic minorities. In any case, there is an incredible expectation that the circumstance will continue improving with time, to create a House of Common with a social make-up, which is exceptionally expanded and d elegate of sexual orientation equalization and ethnic fairness. Since it is absurd that every individual from the general public can voice their requirements to the administration, majority rule government supports such methods of portrayal where the individuals from the House of Commons go about as an extension between the residents and the administration (History Learning Site, 2013 n.p.). Such individuals can talk in the interest of the individuals through discussions and going of bills on the floor of the House, to address their interests and cause their voice to be heard, through deciding in favor of or against the bills. The British law necessitates that the Parliament speaks to the enthusiasm of the individuals, both demographically and geologically. While geographic portrayal alludes to the portrayal of the individuals dependent on the assigned parliamentary bodies electorate, the segment portrayal centers around the distinctive social gatherings. These gatherings may incorp orate the ethnic minorities and the females, which have consistently got lesser portrayals in the Parliament (History Learning Site, 2013 n.p.). By the by, considering the way that the House of Commons includes 647 individuals, just 143 ladies and just 27 individuals from ethnic minorities were chosen for the Parliament in the 2010 general decisions (History Learning Site, 2013 n.p.), at that point, there is no uncertainty that the House of

The Journalistic piece Essay Example For Students

The Journalistic piece Essay Controls are said to have been set up trying to forestall deceptive authorities redirecting gifts However revamping of local locations isn't an alone worry for government. Most of income produced on the East coast is through the travel industry. Since the wave the universes certainty has been stunned and individuals are un-ready to visit the locale. Individuals are going to different goals that are probably more secure. The effect of the wave in the travel industry exchange has eased back the reconstructing because of the fall in the abundance of the nation. We will compose a custom paper on The Journalistic piece explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now Significant organizations are pulling out of the district because of loss of benefits and excess areas. A few areas have been so gravely hit that they have gotten barren with next to zero access helping to persuade associations that it would be terrible practice to keep working there. 4. Pro magazine-geologically orientated A huge torrent shook the East coast on December the 26th of 2004. The quake that produced the incomparable Indian Ocean tidal wave of 2004 is assessed to have discharged the vitality of 23,000 Hiroshima-type nuclear bombs, as indicated by the U. S. Geographical Survey (USGS). Monster powers that had been developing somewhere down in the Earth for many years were discharged out of nowhere, shaking the ground brutally and releasing a progression of executioner waves that sped over the Indian Ocean at the speed of a fly aircraft. The focal point was of 9. 0 extents on the Richter scale. The vicious development of segments of the Earths covering, known as structural plates, dislodged a huge measure of water, sending amazing stun waves toward each path. The outcome was a crack the USGS gauges was in excess of 1,000 kilometers in length, dislodging the ocean bottom over the burst by maybe around 10 meters on a level plane and a few meters vertically. That doesnt sound like a lot, yet the trillions of huge amounts of rock that were moved along many miles made the planet shiver with the biggest extent seismic tremor in 40 years. Inside hours executioner waves emanating from the focal point hammered into the coastline of 11 Indian Ocean nations, grabbing individuals out to the ocean, suffocating others in their homes or on sea shores, and obliterating property from Africa to Thailand. The Indian Ocean tidal wave went as much as 3,000 miles to Africa, the primary district to exposed the brunt of the of the fiasco. A tidal wave might be not exactly a 30 centimeters in stature on the outside of the vast sea, which is the reason they are not seen by mariners. In any case, the ground-breaking beat of vitality ventures quickly through the sea at several miles for each hour. When a tidal wave arrives at shallow water close to the coast it is eased back down. The highest point of the wave moves quicker than the base, making the ocean rise drastically. The Indian Ocean torrent caused waves as high as 15 meters in certain spots, as per news reports. Be that as it may, in numerous different spots observers depicted a quick flooding of the sea, increasingly like an incredibly amazing stream or a flood than the development and retreat of mammoth waves. Am energizing yet crushing aftereffect of the best seismic tremor in living memory. 5. The Big issue Thousands of individuals were left destitute because of the colossal wave saw by the world on December the 26th 2004. The quantity of destitute is evaluated at 800,000 in Indonesia alone. The East coast was shaken by 50 feet high waves causing untouchable decimation. A huge number of individuals are dead, missing, without families and destitute. Camps have been set up like the Tungkom mosque in the Darussalam region, such camps are to house the survivors of the fiasco, 3,800 individuals should be inhabiting this camp alone where there is almost no sanitation, and it is accepted to have gotten no guide. This camp is only one of numerous so it is fundamental global assets are created and dispersed productively with the goal that people groups despondency can be as fleeting as could be expected under the circumstances. .u099516d0214aa5132f7ad437537c9ec4 , .u099516d0214aa5132f7ad437537c9ec4 .postImageUrl , .u099516d0214aa5132f7ad437537c9ec4 .focused content territory { min-tallness: 80px; position: relative; } .u099516d0214aa5132f7ad437537c9ec4 , .u099516d0214aa5132f7ad437537c9ec4:hover , .u099516d0214aa5132f7ad437537c9ec4:visited , .u099516d0214aa5132f7ad437537c9ec4:active { border:0!important; } .u099516d0214aa5132f7ad437537c9ec4 .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .u099516d0214aa5132f7ad437537c9ec4 { show: square; progress: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-change: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; haziness: 1; progress: darkness 250ms; webkit-change: murkiness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .u099516d0214aa5132f7ad437537c9ec4:active , .u099516d0214aa5132f7ad437537c9ec4:hover { obscurity: 1; progress: mistiness 250ms; webkit-progress: mistiness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .u099516d0214aa5132f7ad437537c9ec4 .focused content region { width: 100%; position: r elative; } .u099516d0214aa5132f7ad437537c9ec4 .ctaText { outskirt base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: intense; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; content enrichment: underline; } .u099516d0214aa5132f7ad437537c9ec4 .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; text style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .u099516d0214aa5132f7ad437537c9ec4 .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; fringe: none; fringe range: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; text style weight: striking; line-stature: 26px; moz-fringe sweep: 3px; content adjust: focus; content enhancement: none; content shadow: none; width: 80px; min-stature: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/basic arrow.png)no-rehash; position: outright; right: 0; top: 0; } .u099516d0214aa5132f7ad437537c9ec4:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .u099516d0214a a5132f7ad437537c9ec4 .focused content { show: table; tallness: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .u099516d0214aa5132f7ad437537c9ec4-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .u099516d0214aa5132f7ad437537c9ec4:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: Big Brother - George Orwell EssayIt is practical that individuals will never over come the consequences of the tidal wave however it would compound an already painful situation if malady somehow happened to spread and networks endure further. There are numerous ways that people can help modify the lives of survivors of the wave. There are significant associations, for example, the Red Cross or Oxfam driving the disseminations of assets. There are numerous approaches to raise finances yourself, numerous individuals have organized advantage days and experienced physical perseverance to create reserves. So it is dependent upon yo u to do your bit, do what ever you can to how ever you can to help the guiltless individuals whose lives have been destroyed.

Learn the Tips for Dissertation Writing Step by Step Guide

Learn the Tips for Dissertation Writing Step by Step Guide First of all, here, we discuss the meaning of the word “ dissertation.” The Dissertation is writing, which explained a particular subject in detail. The students do this in order to receive a degree from college or university. Firstly you must know about how you can write a dissertation. In our previous blog, we already discussed this topic. Here we provide you the knowledge on tips for dissertation writing. When you start writing your dissertation report, you are on the last step of your education journey. It includes the independent work of the person. The Dissertation is the final assignment submitted by the students and gets their degree. The Ph.D. dissertation report involves a more in-depth study of the topic, and the knowledge included in it helps everyone who is engaged in research work. Some problems occur while writing a Dissertation report Summary Some problems occur while writing a Dissertation reportAdvantages of dissertation writingImproves your intellectual abilitiesGetting better at academic writingTips for writing a DissertationChoose the topic earlyWriting styleGather all material or do research workTake breaksUsed only relevant materialAlways keep in touch with your guideDo good printingExpert tips on Dissertation writing online services Getting started. Lack of writing skills. Lack of research skills. Fear of failure Procrastination. Advantages of dissertation writing Following are the benefits of writing dissertation: Present your research The Dissertation includes in-depth information about the concept or subject. For deep knowledge, students research that concept. Through dissertation report, students can show or present their research to the people. It could give your professor an idea of how much knowledge you gain from your research. Improves subject knowledge In the dissertation report students presents a detailed idea of the topic to the readers. They have to do an in-depth study and look at the various aspects of it. It requires a lot of research work by using different methods. By doing research and provide detailed information about the topic, you can gain knowledge through research work and learn about the concepts which you have not discovered yet. Improves your intellectual abilities Students want to sure of the accuracy of the information provided by them in the dissertation report. In this report, you have to use your analytical skills and imagination. This work helps in improving the intellectual abilities of the students. Getting better at academic writing By doing dissertation work, students learn lots of things related to the writing part. Their professor expects that they submit their work in proper writing manner which does not include any grammatical and spelling errors. These requirements help students in improving their writing skills. After knowing about the advantages of writing a Dissertation, you must know about the tips related to writing a Dissertation, and it helps you in your writing. Here we will give you some tips related to it. Tips for writing a Dissertation These are the following tips which help you in writing your Dissertation: Choose the topic early Dissertation writing takes a long time. Choosing and thinking of a kind and right topic also takes time. Your topic must be that in which you have an interest, and you are passionate about it. If you choose the subject of your interest, then you will enjoy researching it and writing about it. You will spend a year on that topic, so choose wisely. Writing style Dissertation report always used to be written in the third person and in the passive voice. In this, you explain the concept through examples. You must check with your university about their requirements before you begin to write. Besides, you must check the guidelines given by the supervisor or the person under whom you are making your dissertation report. You must keep your language simple and jargon-free. Gather all material or do research work You must do your research work related to your topic of the Dissertation. Gather all material related to the topic and make a spreadsheet of it. You can take help from various sources like online sources e.g., from google search and see videos related your topic on youtube, offline sources e.g., from books published by different authors. It is the most crucial part of dissertation writing. Take breaks You must not spend all of your time doing a dissertation report. Breaks are essential, and your brain needs some rest in order to recover and gain new energy. If sometimes you feel bored or stuck on a particular point in your report then take a few minutes to exercise and relax. It improves your performance. Used only relevant material Some of the information is gathered are irrelevant and not related to the topic. So you must find out the data from all the material which is useful for your dissertation report. Don’t use the irrelevant information or material because of not the quantity that counts but the quality. Always keep in touch with your guide Guide or supervisor provides you the guidance in your dissertation writing. So you must always stay in touch with your guide and must respond to his/her emails. You must send your dissertation report to him and request them to read your report, but please do so with respect. Do good printing Printing is also an essential task in dissertation writing. You must have your printer if you are writing a dissertation report; otherwise, it will be very costly for you. Alternatively, always print on both sides, utilize used paper with printed information on one side only. It will save you a lot of money. From the above discussion, now you know about the tips used in the dissertation writing. Here our experts also provide you more tips on dissertation writing. Expert tips on Dissertation writing online services We have well-experienced experts who have years of experience in their teaching field.We always provide you tips on dissertation writing within the given time.Our experts provide you the tips essay at affordable prices.Our expert team is available for your help either it’s a day or night i.e., 24/7 help is available.You can ask for the tips for Dissertation writing from our expert anytime.Our team of experts is wholly dedicated to delivering the best advice or tips related to the Dissertation. We have many customers who are happy and a hundred percent satisfied with our services.Your doubts and queries will be answered immediately by our experts. Now you have the services available related to the advisory or tips on your dissertation writing. Follow these tips and make your Dissertation writing effectively.

Learn the Tips for Dissertation Writing Step by Step Guide

Learn the Tips for Dissertation Writing Step by Step Guide First of all, here, we discuss the meaning of the word “ dissertation.” The Dissertation is writing, which explained a particular subject in detail. The students do this in order to receive a degree from college or university. Firstly you must know about how you can write a dissertation. In our previous blog, we already discussed this topic. Here we provide you the knowledge on tips for dissertation writing. When you start writing your dissertation report, you are on the last step of your education journey. It includes the independent work of the person. The Dissertation is the final assignment submitted by the students and gets their degree. The Ph.D. dissertation report involves a more in-depth study of the topic, and the knowledge included in it helps everyone who is engaged in research work. Some problems occur while writing a Dissertation report Summary Some problems occur while writing a Dissertation reportAdvantages of dissertation writingImproves your intellectual abilitiesGetting better at academic writingTips for writing a DissertationChoose the topic earlyWriting styleGather all material or do research workTake breaksUsed only relevant materialAlways keep in touch with your guideDo good printingExpert tips on Dissertation writing online services Getting started. Lack of writing skills. Lack of research skills. Fear of failure Procrastination. Advantages of dissertation writing Following are the benefits of writing dissertation: Present your research The Dissertation includes in-depth information about the concept or subject. For deep knowledge, students research that concept. Through dissertation report, students can show or present their research to the people. It could give your professor an idea of how much knowledge you gain from your research. Improves subject knowledge In the dissertation report students presents a detailed idea of the topic to the readers. They have to do an in-depth study and look at the various aspects of it. It requires a lot of research work by using different methods. By doing research and provide detailed information about the topic, you can gain knowledge through research work and learn about the concepts which you have not discovered yet. Improves your intellectual abilities Students want to sure of the accuracy of the information provided by them in the dissertation report. In this report, you have to use your analytical skills and imagination. This work helps in improving the intellectual abilities of the students. Getting better at academic writing By doing dissertation work, students learn lots of things related to the writing part. Their professor expects that they submit their work in proper writing manner which does not include any grammatical and spelling errors. These requirements help students in improving their writing skills. After knowing about the advantages of writing a Dissertation, you must know about the tips related to writing a Dissertation, and it helps you in your writing. Here we will give you some tips related to it. Tips for writing a Dissertation These are the following tips which help you in writing your Dissertation: Choose the topic early Dissertation writing takes a long time. Choosing and thinking of a kind and right topic also takes time. Your topic must be that in which you have an interest, and you are passionate about it. If you choose the subject of your interest, then you will enjoy researching it and writing about it. You will spend a year on that topic, so choose wisely. Writing style Dissertation report always used to be written in the third person and in the passive voice. In this, you explain the concept through examples. You must check with your university about their requirements before you begin to write. Besides, you must check the guidelines given by the supervisor or the person under whom you are making your dissertation report. You must keep your language simple and jargon-free. Gather all material or do research work You must do your research work related to your topic of the Dissertation. Gather all material related to the topic and make a spreadsheet of it. You can take help from various sources like online sources e.g., from google search and see videos related your topic on youtube, offline sources e.g., from books published by different authors. It is the most crucial part of dissertation writing. Take breaks You must not spend all of your time doing a dissertation report. Breaks are essential, and your brain needs some rest in order to recover and gain new energy. If sometimes you feel bored or stuck on a particular point in your report then take a few minutes to exercise and relax. It improves your performance. Used only relevant material Some of the information is gathered are irrelevant and not related to the topic. So you must find out the data from all the material which is useful for your dissertation report. Don’t use the irrelevant information or material because of not the quantity that counts but the quality. Always keep in touch with your guide Guide or supervisor provides you the guidance in your dissertation writing. So you must always stay in touch with your guide and must respond to his/her emails. You must send your dissertation report to him and request them to read your report, but please do so with respect. Do good printing Printing is also an essential task in dissertation writing. You must have your printer if you are writing a dissertation report; otherwise, it will be very costly for you. Alternatively, always print on both sides, utilize used paper with printed information on one side only. It will save you a lot of money. From the above discussion, now you know about the tips used in the dissertation writing. Here our experts also provide you more tips on dissertation writing. Expert tips on Dissertation writing online services We have well-experienced experts who have years of experience in their teaching field.We always provide you tips on dissertation writing within the given time.Our experts provide you the tips essay at affordable prices.Our expert team is available for your help either it’s a day or night i.e., 24/7 help is available.You can ask for the tips for Dissertation writing from our expert anytime.Our team of experts is wholly dedicated to delivering the best advice or tips related to the Dissertation. We have many customers who are happy and a hundred percent satisfied with our services.Your doubts and queries will be answered immediately by our experts. Now you have the services available related to the advisory or tips on your dissertation writing. Follow these tips and make your Dissertation writing effectively.

On August 6, 1945, The United States Of America Dropped

On August 6, 1945, the United States of America dropped an atomic bomb on Hiroshima, Japan. For decades, there have been feuds relating to the justification of the bombing. Was the U.S justified? It depends on your vantage point. The United States was justified due to the unprovoked attack and bombing of Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, which occurred three years prior to the bombing of Hiroshima, it was necessary to stop the war because it saved thousands of American lives. Until then, the fight had never been on United States soil. Innocent men, women and children did not have to worry about being killed on their land until the infamous day: December 7, 1941, the attack of Pearl Harbor. On that day, the Japanese took to the skies with 423 planes,†¦show more content†¦The atomic bomb results were grotesque and horrible, causing many deaths and injuries, and they should not be used unless absolutely necessary, but in this case, it was necessary to stop a war that would have continued i nevitably. The United States had to use it to terminate WW2. Condonement of nuclear weapons is foolish, but if used, they can be advantageous in the right situations. Japanese pilots took to the skies with mounted machine guns on bomber planes and thousands of pounds of explosives, and bombed Pearl Harbor on December 7th, 1941. For example, they took off with fighter jets and bombers, killing 2,403 people and wounding 1,178. Under the cover of a storm, the Japanese flew in and dropped thousands of 500g bombs, hitting and sinking 18 United States ships, 6 of which were aircraft carriers. In addition, the attack was unwarned, and it killed thousands of soldiers and civilians, crushing the spirits of United States citizens. It destroyed the naval fleet in port at Pearl Harbor, which damaged the U.S severely. Unknown to many, they also bombed the U.S Air Force base in Hawaii, incapacitating 300 fighter jets and cargo planes. Furthermore, this unwarned attack was a cowardly act and dropp ing an atomic bomb was completely justified. The unwarned attack killed thousands of people, soldiers and citizens alike. Use of nuclear weapons as a retaliation to an unwarned attack isShow MoreRelatedPresident Truman Made A Nuclear Weapon1745 Words   |  7 PagesOn August 6, 1945, the plane Enola Gay dropped a nuclear weapon on the Japanese city of Hiroshima, at the command of President Harry Truman. Then, on August 9, 1945 a second atomic bomb was dropped on Japan in the city of Nagasaki. President Truman made this choice in an effort to end World War II. World War II began on September 1,1939 and ended on September 2,1945 ending in an Allie victory. This world was fought primarily by the Axis Powers: Germany, Austria, Italy, and Japan and the Allie Powers:Read MoreThe Bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki888 Words   |  4 Pagesthousand to save millions? Well the drastic actions taken by the United States did save millions. There were two actions that had to occur to save the mi llions and end the war, the dropping of the two atomic bombs being the first of their kind were to be the most powerful bomb ever invented using atomic and nuclear forces so create it and packed over 20,000 tons of TNT and was about ten feet long. The bomber that transported and dropped them was called the Enola Gay’. The two Japanese cities’ thatRead MoreThe Second World War II1328 Words   |  6 PagesEurope with death of Hitler in May 1945. On August 6, 1945, An atomic bomb was dropped on the Hiroshima, Japan, and on August 9, a stornger one was dropped on Nagasaki by the United States. On September 2, 1945, Japan signed a formal surrender and the Second World War was ended. The Second World War was a significant impact in nowadays world morphing. As results of that, Great Britain lost its empire, the raising power of the United States, stablishing state of Israel and improving immense inRead More Events That Led to the United States Involvement In World War II1626 Words   |  7 PagesEvents That Led to the United States Involvement In World War II World War II was a war that proved to the world the awesome power of the United States. Many events led up to the U.S. involvement in the war, topped off by the Japanese attack of Pearl Harbor. Many great people contributed to leading the United State to victory in the war. They include General Douglas MacArthur, General Dwight Eisenhower, and President Franklin Delano Roosevelt. World War II also consisted of many major eventsRead MoreIn 1945 Germany Surrendered, Leaving Only The Japanese1430 Words   |  6 PagesIn 1945 Germany surrendered, leaving only the Japanese left to fight during World War II. Over the last year, the Japanese economic situation had been worsening, and the American leaders hoped that Russia joining the fight in August of 1945 would push it over the edge. In the meantime, the United States and Japan were fighting a fierce war on the Japanese islands, and thousands were dying on both sides. On August 6, 1945, the United States dropped the first atomic bomb on Hiroshima, and three daysRead MoreThe President Of The United States1365 Words   |  6 PagesThe President of the United States has a very important, and no doubt, stressful job. Yet not a king, the President carries multiple job titles which include, but not limited to: chief of state, chief executive, chief legislator, and commander in chief. Harry Truman (33rd U.S. President), displayed to the whole world his role as commander in chief, when he made the decision to drop two atomic bombs on Japan, in April of the year 1945. President Truman’s actions and reasons for the bombings showedRead MoreThe Attack On Pearl Harbor1113 Words   |  5 Pages1941 America suffered one of its first terrorist attacks when a swarm of Japanese warplanes emerged from the clouds bearing their red symbol of the rising sun. Only one day after, December 8, the United States Congress declared war on the Empire of Japan, sparking our involvement in World War Two. Only a couple years after the at tack on Pearl Harbor, America was already on its way to creating the atomic bomb. By July of 1945, America was ready to test its first bomb and was successful. America hadRead MoreWas The Bombing Of Hiroshima And Nagasaki Morally Justified?1736 Words   |  7 PagesWas the bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki ethically justified? – Why Truman decided to drop the atomic bombs on Japan – By Grace Kelsall World War 2 saw the emergence of America as a new world power on August 6th 1945, also internationally known as the traumatizing day for Hiroshima; after an American B-29 bomber dropped the world’s first atomic bomb. World War Two is considered a great turning point in modern history, it being one of the bloodiest and horrific wars; exposing all countries aroundRead MoreNuclear Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki981 Words   |  4 PagesThe â€Å"Enola Gay dropped a 9,000 lb TNT bomb called â€Å"Little Boy.† Approximately 78,150 people died after one death count, but radiation was still lethal. Three days later, another bomb was dropped. â€Å"Fat Man,† dropped by â€Å"Bock’s Car,† was a Uranium-235 bomb, even though it did less damage than Hiroshima, the seaport of Nagasaki still was torn to pieces. Overall, there were approximately 23,753 lives taken by â€Å"Fat Man.† The Nuclear bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki did not help America b ecause it startedRead MoreThe United States Was Justified For The Attack Of Hiroshima Essay1342 Words   |  6 Pagespeople have been debating whether the United States was justified for the attack to Hiroshima, Japan. The nuclear bomb was made in the south western for the sake of the United States under top mystery conditions. The Manhattan Project was constructed by Dr. Robert Oppenheimer who was a German Jew that fled from the Nazi party. For a long time, the Germans and Americans were in a race to finish the bomb first. It was viewed as a stupendous achievement when on July 1945, in the New Mexico betray, the primary

The Secret River - Kate Grenville - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1193 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/09/15 Category Advertising Essay Did you like this example? Kate Grenville describes the characters in The Secret River as ‘not heroes and not devils, but just human beings, stumbling from one small decision to the next and in so doing, without really planning it, creating the shape of their lives. ’ The character of Will Thornhill in the novel makes several decisions some of which come from a place of circumstance and others that do not. Kate Grenville’s statement about the characters describes them to an extent as there is nothing extraordinary about them, they do not stand up for what is right as heroes do, they do not commit evil deeds as devils do.. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Secret River Kate Grenville" essay for you Create order Will makes several decisions that spring from his family’s history and circumstance and some that are out of his own desire for something more for his life and family. Will comes from a lower class family who feel the need to steal to survive ‘all the Thornhills stole turnips from time to time, pg 9 They where all thieves, any time they got the chance. The dainty person could shrill all he liked about sin, but there could be no sin in thieving if it meant a full belly. ’ Pg16 Will’s dad was the primary caregiver and was the most skilled at stealing to provide for the family. By comparison Sal comes from a middle class family; her father has money to buy her things that Will’s family could not afford. In Will’s eyes Sal was never short on food, especially indulgences such as oranges, sweetbread and soft white bread. Pg 17 Will comes from a long line of William Thornhills ‘Your name is common as dirt’ pg 11was a curse that his sister Mary had professed over him at a young age, his response to this was ‘William Thornhills will fill up the world’ pg 11 From this happening at a early age he made the decision to make himself stand out from the crowd, It’s through this that every other decision in his life is affected. Will has various jobs while he is growing up in London, after his parents passed away he feels it is his responsibility to take care of those remaining in the household. In every job he makes the decision to steal not based on circumstances but out of a desire for excess. ‘No-one would miss a little as there is so many’ pg21 this is the first instance that Will is caught stealing, He tries to lie his way out of the situation and is whipped by Crocker on the docks as a public display. Will learns ‘not to get caught’ pg21 instead of not stealing at all, this is a trait that will follow him, to make decisions not from circumstance but by his own free will. There is an added element of peer pressure in this as well as his work colleagues forced the barrel to break open and encouraged him. He didn’t steal the sugar out of necessity or survival but out of surplus and desire for something more in his life. ‘Most watermen where thieves, although some went about it in a more businesslike way’ page 23 this quote is fairly accurate when applied to Wills decision to steal at the river. Collarbone came into Will’s life as a replacement father figure after his died and showed him the many ways to steal from this job. Collarbone stole some brandy and was caught and as a consequence hanged. Through this experience Will clearly saw the consequences of stealing but was blinded by the surplus amount of goods at the docks where he worked. Marrying Sal was the easiest decision Will could make, he had to work for seven years on the river to earn it and become a free man of the river the day this was granted, was the day they wed. This decision was one of desire, it was a natural progression from his initial attraction from when they were younger and was the easiest decision for Will to make. Mr. Middleton gave Will and Sal his second best wherry as a wedding gift and it was at this point that Will realized that all his decisions up until now had lead him here and he believed that ‘this was the reward for a man’s labour. ’ Page 28 The death of Sal’s parents had a profound effect on Wills judgement, before this he had just established a feeling of security and an easier future for himself and his family. This was brought about by Mr. Middleton not having any sons to leave the family business to, Will’s plan was to become a strong son-in-law and through this inherit the business. The day this happened Will felt all the closed opportunities of his life open up and he gained a sense of direction. Mr. Middleton had savings and assets but during the frozen month, all of his savings and investments where dried up, Will Sal had seemed to have lost everything they had worked years to get ‘what point could there be to hoping, when everything could be broken so easily? p49 It is during this period that Will feels like he has been ‘reduced to an animal’ p49 His character is described as feeling extremely empty and having a massive space where hope had been. This shifted Will back into his circumstantial decision making, the need to steal for survival mentality resurfaced and the family derived cycle began again. The biggest decision that Will makes in the story is to steal the Brazil wood from Mr. Lucas on the River. Will had been stealing all his life to survive, he knew the risks of stealing through his friend Collarbone and at this point he doesn’t need to. He makes this decision based on a desire to have more in his life and refers back to when Mr. Middleton was alive and he had hope for their future. An added element was pressure for provision as Sal had just informed him that she was expecting ‘another mouth to feed’p 55 this influenced his decision to steal as he had to increase his responsibilities as a provider and wanted to get back to getting ahead in life. It is through this decision that his life changes and it is due to a small amount of peer pressure and a desire to succeed, not based on circumstance. Factoring in all of these elements Will Thornhill makes several decisions through the novel some based on circumstances when he is a young child and his family steal for survival, and some out of a desire for more in his life fuelled by the words of his sister. This can be interpreted as greed to some extent, and to provide the kind of life Sal is used to having. To a large extent Will is not a victim of circumstance but falls true to Kate Grenville’s comments about the characters â€Å"just human beings, stumbling from one small decision to the next and in so doing, without really planning it, creating the shape of their lives. † The Secret River, Kate Grenville 2005, The Publishing Company

Unbiased Report Exposes the Unanswered Questions on Reflection Essay

Unbiased Report Exposes the Unanswered Questions on Reflection Essay A reflective essay could be academic in the aspect a student might be requested to compose a lesson learnt in class and reflect its application in actual life. One particular such assignment that you may end up facing one or two times throughout grade school and college is the reflection essay. Key points you want to be aware of when writing a reflection essay To receive a superior grade is the aim of several students. There are lots of potential explanations for why students are requested to work in little groups. Our aim was to produce because many ideas as possible. If it doesn't, you will have to put a much, MUCH greater effort to tune in the beat and present a detailed work. You should demonstrate a variety of feelings you felt previously. Quite simply, it's the action of writing something out of your own perspective and reflection of the things that you're most aware of. Lies You've Been Told Abou t Reflection Essay Because of the modern technology, there are various resources on the internet where you're able to get access to reflective essay examples. It's extremely important to read carefully essay services reviews, because you would like to avoid low excellent services. Imagine the caliber of writing you'll receive from an affordable essay writing service. Self reflective essay do not need much research such as other sort of research. Reflection Essay: the Ultimate Convenience! In a personal reflective essay, a writer is forecast to provide a narration for their experiences and the way it impacts their lives. It might be tough to compose a sort of essay for the very first moment. For example, an illustration essay might arrive in handy. Naturally, you own a lot of things to do, but before you get going on your reflection paper, you want to understand precisely how you feel about what you're writing. You will be supplied a piece to read or view, or you are goin g to be involved in some sort of field experience, and after that you be requested to reflect on it in an essay or paper. Many students don't understand the significance of reflective essay and so can't compose a reflective paper template that is clear to examiners. Revising a sample reflection paper is able to help you draft a productive reflection essay. As a consequence, you are going to be in a place to compose a paper that's crystal clear and descriptive. The papers are lots more difficult to write. The Ideal Strategy for Reflection Essay The author has to get a nice and authentic topic for a reflection essay. Yes, there's a person who can assist you with your essays expert essay writers at MyPerfectWords. It's quite possible an illustration essay might help you. When you're assigned a self-reflection essay, you must see what you are tasked with. Now, which you already know what's a reflective essay you should figure out the way to compose a reflective essay. Your own personal essay needs to be appealing and it isn't so simple to attain in reflection essay on writing. A Secret Weapon for Reflection Essay Inside my opinion, the stuff attitude toward student is a significant component in developing a positive clinical experience. Reflection papers have a large effect on the learning process as you are being requested to evaluate your experience in an analytical way. For instance, the very first paragraph could incorporate the introduction, where the subject of the essay and the thesis statement are introduced. Except for the principal sections of your reflective essay, there are various other essentials to think about. The essential thing which you will need to understand about how to compose reflective essays is that you will need to get organised while composing it. It's better to go through various sample essays since it improves your capacity to manage distinctive topics without an issue. A reflective essay may take unique formats based on the audience. Since you may see, the notion of the way to compose a reflection essay is versatile and can be addressed in a lot of scenarios. Given that the quantity of feasible things which you could address, it's important to find a clear controlling purpose on your reflective essay for your writing doesn't sound to be a lengthy assortment of points in paragraph type. Hopefully you are beginning to acquire a better grasp on the ideal approach to choose from the endless kinds of reflective essay subjects and possibly even a far better idea of the way to get started writing your essay. Writing is among the things which I used to hate the most. To put it differently, it's self-studying. Words tell a whole l ot more than a story.

Agency theory free essay sample

Introduction â€Å"It is the things towards which we have the stronger natural inclination that seem to us more opposed to the mean† Aristotle (2004, p. 47) The documentary ? Inside Job? portrays a riveting account of a financial industry festered with greed and conflicts of interest. As bankers gambled creatively with the life savings of laymen investors, ratings agencies and regulators closed their eyes to the full picture, whilst scholars supported the development of over the counter derivatives designed to safeguard the ever-increasing rate of subprime mortgages. Beginning in mid-2007 the largest American financial crisis since the Great Depression began to unfold (Jickling 2010) with thousands of homeowners defaulting on their mortgages (Pinyo 2008). The consequences were to be felt around the world and the Global Financial Crisis (GFC), as it came to be known, soon had national governments scrambling to ? bail out? private institutions in effort to keep the financial industry afloat and mitigate the fallout from digressing into pandemonium (Shah 2010, Sidelsky 2009). Inevitably, the pressing questions of governments, media and the public alike were how could it have gone this wrong and who was to be blamed? Shots were fired left, right and center, targeted at a range of factors from regulation and credit agencies to financial innovation and central banks. Particularly, the intertwined aspects of executive remuneration and the auspices of corporate governance (CG) were targeted as having failed to safeguard the company and incentivized risk-taking. The attacks were not only directed at ? institutional constructs? , a recurrent character was also the greedy banker and his apparent disregard for ethics and morality in pursuit of his own gain. As we enter the ? post-crisis? era, governments and regulators seek to redevelop regulations and standards to prevent the recurrence of a GFC. Generally however, their focus only addresses what is visible (Dobbin et al. 2010). The purpose of this thesis is to delve deeper and review the underlying theoretical construct of best practice CG mechanisms utilized today, agency theory (AT), a construct that has also been criticized as ? green lighting? a higher propensity towards risk, along with unethical and immoral behavior (Ghoshal 2005). This thesis therefore poses the questions: Did the agency theory prescriptions of corporate governance and directors’ financial literacy impact the risk profile of Scandinavian banks during the Global Financial Crisis? And are there differences in the moral and ethical perceptions of business majors in comparison to other majors? Based on hypotheses derived from AT and through the utilization of data on Scandinavian Banks‘ Thomas Rudiger Smith 7 M. Sc. FSM Master Thesis: Agency Theory Its Consequences board of directors and incentive plans, the thesis addresses the first part of the research question by investigating whether AT prescriptions contributed to the risk-taking behavior that propelled the GFC. Subsequently, the second part of the research question is analyzed on the basis of hypotheses grounded in the popular criticisms of AT in begetting immoral or unethical managers, and seeks to answer this question through a survey of ethical perceptions. Ultimately the result of the research question is discussed with a view to management education and moral philosophy. Prior to investigating these issues, it is important to understand the motivation driving the aims of this thesis. 2 Motivation The GFC has not only been a contentious topic for regulators, bankers and the media, business schools have also debated the causes and consequences in effort to find ways to better prepare their students for future challenges1. This debate, in combination with previous research on agency theory in banking (Smith et al. 2009) sparked the author‘s initial interest through the simple question â€Å"What role have agency theory prescriptions played in the crisis? †. What started as a simple question has evolved into this thesis, wherein the consequences and side-effects of the AT perspective is reviewed due to its prominent role in business education (Dobbin et al. 2010) and its potential relationship to the GFC. What further augmented the interest was the perceived simultaneous incapability of agency theory as a descriptive theory of CG (Dalton et al. 1998) in combination with its strong normative capability, and potential side-effects. Essentially the question that remained after the review of scholarly writings on agency theory, was whether the side-effects of encouraging risk-taking and the presumed postulation of creating immoral managers in fact was true, and if so, what would this mean for management education. Out of this emerged the research questions under investigation here, for which the obvious choice for data collection was the banking industry as both greed and excessive risk-taking have been argued as causes of the crisis (Shah 2009). The specificity of the area of interest however meant that as opposed to much of the current business research on the GFC, this thesis has never intended to provide input for how financial regulation should be formulated. Rather, the goal has been to highlight the potential consequences for management education, given the lack of research herein even though many future bankers will be the product of business schools. Additionally, the specificity of the research questions means that Discussions on the impact of the financial crisis on management education were observed at a CEMS Executive Board meeting in Singapore in May 2010. CEMS is an alliance of 26 leading world-wide business schools. 1 Thomas Rudiger Smith 8 M. Sc. FSM Master Thesis: Agency Theory Its Consequences the structure must be qualified properly before commencing, as it handles two simultaneously independent and intertwined questions. The subsequent section will thus introduce the thesis structure. 3 Structure As a result of the research questions and the data collections, the structure of the thesis will make a topical split when deemed necessary to avoid confusion between the treated data and hypotheses. The structure for the thesis will therefore set out accordingly, first by outlining the context of the GFC, thereafter assumptions and limitations will be presented in order to demarcate the research area. Subsequently, the theoretical background will be introduced, first highlighting the core theoretical Figure 1 Structure foundation of agency theory and subsequently moving into the two different consequences under investigation – risk-taking and ethics. Hereafter the hypotheses for each consequence will be introduced, which will be followed by a joint methodology section. Thereafter the thesis is divided, first focusing solely on risk-taking and governance mechanisms, their analysis and partial conclusion, followed by the analysis of the second strand, the ethical hypotheses. Finally once all hypotheses have been investigated, these two strands will be integrated in the discussion and the findings will be summed up in the conclusion. Throughout the thesis, a graphical representation of the structure (Figure 1) will indicate shifts from one section to another. Having outlined the motivation and structure, the following section seeks to qualify the predominant focus on governance and greed with respect to the GFC and their connection to the economic theory. Thomas Rudiger Smith 9 M. Sc. FSM Master Thesis: Agency Theory Its Consequences 4 Greed, Governance the Financial Crisis 4. 1 Greed The populist cause of the GFC is greed, (Pinyo 2008, Guina 2008) wherein investment bankers gambled with customer funds (Shah 2010). Credit was cheap, needed to be lent out and with no more prime borrowers, bankers went to sub-prime borrowers to cash in more money (Jarvis 2009). The gamble was almost a safe bet provided housing prices kept rising, but when the housing bubble began to constrict and interest rates rose, sub-prime borrowers began to default (Jickling 2010, Time 2011). Though acknowledged as a contributing factor (Anderson 2008), the events preceding the GFC are too multifarious to be attributed to greed alone. 4. 2 Governance 4. 2. 1 Distorted Bonus Bonanza A bonus culture that effectively espoused excessive risk-taking did not help. The potential for upside gains were significant and the downside costs negligible, or so it seemed (Sidelsky 2009). As noted by Krugman (2008) in the New York Times, „The pay system †¦lavishly rewards the appearance of profit, even if that appearance later turns out to have been an illusion?. Variable pay packages that tied managerial wealth to the wealth of shareholders were commonplace. Rajan noted back in 2005 that these created distorted incentives and promoted risk taking, even proclaiming that „They may create a greater probability of a catastrophic meltdown? (p. 318). Lord Turner, head of FSA, would later support Rajan in claiming that the bonus culture indeed had an effect on the financial crisis (BBC 2010). Their arguments were also supported academically by Bechmann and Raaballe on a sample of Danish banks (2010). Rajan (2005) and Blundell-Wignall et al. (2008) argued that the inherent problem of incentive schemes was that they were not risk adjusted, effectively accentuating risk-taking behavior. The hefty bonuses accumulated by bank managers were also targeted for criticism in the post-GFC finger-pointing game, as politicians either questioned or sought regulatory action on bonus levels (Arentoft 2010, Condon 2010). However Sidelsky (2009) contended that bankers, though also selfinterested, acted largely in accordance with the adage of the system – profit maximization. Thomas Rudiger Smith 10 M. Sc. FSM Master Thesis: Agency Theory Its Consequences 4. 2. 2 Corporate Governance Failure Closely related to the issue of bonus schemes is the perspective that contemporary CG has failed in safeguarding the firm (Jickling 2010, Blundell-Wignall et al. 2008). Foong (2009) also pointed to weak CG mechanisms to explain the effectual failure of the market. OECD (2010) provided similar critique, describing a system that failed to provide and cultivate sound business practices. Professor Hasung Jang posited that like the 1997 Asian financial crisis, shortcomings in CG was a root cause of the GFC (Jang in Sharma 2008). Others point specifically to the general ineffectiveness of boards to stem incessant risk-taking behavior (Dobbin et al. 2010, Abdullah 2006). The governance best practices that may have failed, the distorted bonus culture and the greedy manager share common ground through the perspective of agency theory, a facet that remains unaddressed by regulators. 4. 3 The Connection to Economic Theory A less espoused argument for the cause of the GFC attacks the underlying economic theory that underpins the development of established governance mechanisms and may have adversely impacted the moral compass of business managers. Dobbin et al. (2010) noted that the political responses to the GFC have focused on the regulatory environment, ignoring the contributions of economic paradigms, particularly agency theory, in promulgating the wealth maximization environment that abetted the crisis. Daianu (in ALDE 2008) argued that the theoretical underpinnings of policies were problematic in general, and the principal-agent problem in particular fuelled the crisis. Policies based upon economic theories that expect humans to be rational and discount complex realities to achieve perfect models have essentially failed (The Times 2010). Priester (in ALDE 2008) criticized the proclivity of business models towards short term wealth maximization as „fundamentally flawed? on the grounds of being both „economically obsolete? and „morally indefensible? (p. 38) by transferring all power to the shareholder. From an ethics perspective, he further argues that the permeation of economic theory has dehumanized business and only heralded innovation for the purpose of private gains, when in fact â€Å"innovation [is] for-or-about [serving] the substantive interest of the Human Person† (p. 38). In essence, the crisis may not only be a consequence of poorly constructed institutions of control, but rather of poorly constructed financial theories supporting and dictating the development of Thomas Rudiger Smith 11 M. Sc. FSM Master Thesis: Agency Theory Its Consequences these institutions (Kou 2009). Therefore this thesis investigates whether the agency theoretical prescriptions added to more risk with regards to the GFC and whether it creates immoral managers. Before delving into the theoretical background, hypotheses, methodology and data testing, it is relevant to define the appropriate assumptions as well as demarcate the research area through some limitations. 5 Assumptions Throughout the thesis a number of assumptions are made, none of which are believed to distort the overall picture, though they may in fact have an influence on the generalizability of the thesis (Bryman et al. 2003). For both areas it is assumed that the constructs measure the intended effects. Through the qualification of measures by previous studies investigating similar variables, the assumption is assessed to be fair. It is additionally assumed for both data sets that Agency Theory is part of education and financial literacy ergo also means a familiarity and understanding of agency theory. This assumption although grand in its scope is not unrealistic, as noted by Zajac et al. (2004) and Dobbin et al. (2010). A more questionable assumption is made with regards to the impact of education. Although some like Albert et al. (2010) highlight that education has lasting effects, it is impossible given the research design to discern between self-selection and actual impact of education. The relationship between formation and actions must therefore be treated with regards to this assumption. 6 Limitations As with any other, this thesis is limited by timeline, scope and scale which confines the ability to investigate all possible variables and contributing factors. Unlike AT, alternative models of CG, such as stewardship and stakeholder theory (Lan et al. 2010), have yet to gain a solid foothold in the practical literature and enactment of CG (Daily et al. 2003)2. As such, reflecting the real life context, the thesis does not directly investigate these alternatives, though they are referred to as points of discussion. Amongst the many potential consequences of agency theory, this thesis will focus on two due to their perceived relevance to the GFC. As noted, whilst it is acknowledged that there were many 2 An overview and short critique of these models and the director primacy model is available in Appendix 17. 1. Thomas Rudiger Smith 12 M. Sc. FSM Master Thesis: Agency Theory Its Consequences contributing factors to the GFC, the intention of this thesis is to empirically analyze the consequences of agency theory. As such, the GFC serves as the context for analysis rather than the object of investigation. The banks are not disregarded however, given that their societal role makes the application of AT prescriptions within the industry all the more intriguing. Nevertheless it is acknowledged that the findings of this thesis related to CG will be derived from a distinct and heavily regulated industry, which may limit their utility (Battilossi 2009). Upon investigating the second research objective, it is accepted that temporal limitations made the assessment of moral philosophy development challenging and the cogency of results may be restrained by the difficulty in establishing the degree to which individual moral development is influenced by business education and not also self-selection (Pfeffer 2005). Overall however these primary assumptions and limitations, by virtue of their academic support and conscious inclusion, are not believed to fundamentality compromise eventual findings. Having established these caveats, the thesis will return to outlining the connections between the presented causes of the GFC and economic theory. But before qualifying the consequences of AT on risk and morality, it is imperative to first delineate the concept itself. 7 Theoretical Background 7. 1 Agency Theory The 1976 article ? Theory of the Firm: Managerial Behavior, Agency Costs and Ownership Structure? by Jensen and Meckling helped establish AT as the dominant theoretical framework of the CG literature, and position shareholders as the main stakeholder (Lan et al. 2010, Daily et al. 2003). The adoption of the agency logic increased during the 1980‘s as companies started replacing the hitherto corporate logic of managerial capitalism with the Figure 2 Structure perception of managers as agents of the shareholders (Zajac et al. 2004). The subsequent stream of Thomas Rudiger Smith 13 M. Sc. FSM Master Thesis: Agency Theory Its Consequences literature would break with the tradition of largely treating the firm as a black box and the assumption that the firm always sought to maximize value (Jensen 1994). AT addressed what had become a growing concern, that management engaged in empire building and possessed a general disregard for shareholder interest, what Michael Jensen called â€Å"the systematic fleecing of shareholders and bondholders† (1989, p. 64), through providing prescriptions as to how the principal should control the agent to curb managerial opportunism and self-interest (Perrow 1986, Daily et al. 2003). As the market reacted positively to this change in logic, with time the agency approach became institutionalized in the practice of CG, within business education, research and media (Zajac et al. 2004; Shapiro 2005, Lan et al. 2010). Out of the agency logic grew two closely related streams of research; the mathematically complex Principal-Agent literature and the more practice oriented Positive Agency Theory (Shapiro 2005). Common to both is shareholder primacy, wherein the principal is positioned both as the residual claimant and main stakeholder. Although the influence of Principal-Agent theory cannot be denied (Asher et al. 2005), the practical and empirical nature and implications of Positive Agency Theory on CG situate this stream as the main concern of this thesis. 7. 1. 1 Foundations As any theory, AT is based in a number of assumptions about man, which have a significant impact on the formation of the theory (Davis et al. 1997). The most common belief is that AT is based in the economic model of man (e. g. Brennan 1994, Perrow 1986, Shapiro 2005). Jensen and Meckling denounce this interpretation however, by arguing that the theory is grounded in what they call REMM – the Resourceful, Evaluative, Maximizing Model (Jensen et al. 1994). They argue that the REMM most closely replicates human action, and that the economic model of man is a simplified version that does not reflect the spectrum of human behavior. However, the extent to which these two models are actually different is questioned by Brunner (1996) and Tourish et al. (2010), who treat them as equals (see also table 1 for comparison and overview of assumptions). Their arguments are based in the fact that the REMM, although accepting that wealth may not be the only goal, will willingly substitute goods for monetary rewards (Baker et al. 1988). In addition, despite the fact that the REMM can act with altruism, it can only do so simultaneously with individual self-maximization3. As such pure altruistic behavior without ulterior 3 Self-interested altruism although creating a possibility of other-regarding behavior – does only so given a positive Thomas Rudiger Smith 14 M. Sc. FSM Master Thesis: Agency Theory Its Consequences motives cannot take place. Thereby the REMM is largely similar to the economic model of man, which assumes that humans are rational, selfishly motivated and will behave opportunistically, even ruthlessly, whenever advantageous (Ghoshal 2005, Daily et al. 2003). Herein, actions are undertaken according to selfinterest (Fama 1980) and opportunistic behavior is fostered when monitoring contracts and relationships becomes difficult and costly due to bounded rationality and information asymmetry (Perrow 1986, Donaldson 1990). Opportunism is therefore central to this view of man, where an actor‘s promise to do a certain action is worthless if the circumstances of the promised action changes before the action is carried out (Heath 2009). As such, changes in behavior are also driven by changes in incentives (Prendergast 1999) and behavior is directed by maximizing self-interest under game-theoretical like conditions (Perrow 1986). Human Assumptions REMM Economic Man Bounded Rational Rational Maximizer based on thorough evaluation Maximizer Self-Interested Self-Interested Actions driven by Incentives Motivated by incentives Opportunistic if beneficial Opportunistic with guile Will substitute goods if beneficial (not driven exclusively by extrinsic rewards) Altruistic if beneficial Resourceful – innovative when facing constraints and opportunities Focus on extrinsic rewards Not other-regarding (Resourceful) 4 Table 1 Comparison of REMM and Economic Model of Man Regardless of whether Jensen and Meckling‘s (1994) postulation that the REMM guides AT, Table 1 shows that the REMM in fact have few differences from the Economic Model of Man (Brunner et al. 1996). Bearing in mind the lack of self-interested altruism and the slightly stronger focus on extrinsic motivators in the Economic Model of Man, arguments against this representation of benefit to the individual. Thereby self-interested altruistic behavior can potentially be reduced to an intrinsic motivation (Brunner et al. 1996). 4 The Economic Man is like the REMM perceived to be resourceful, yet the literature is generally less focused on this aspect of his/her behavior as opposed to the other notions (Brunner et al. 1996). Thomas Rudiger Smith 15 M. Sc. FSM Master Thesis: Agency Theory Its Consequences human behavior must then also be applicable to the REMM model (see section 7. 3. 1) With the understanding that man is self-interested, ever opportunistic and driven by incentives, AT addresses the effect of having this man as a manager in the modern corporation by providing prescriptions to taming him. But what is the modern corporation in the eyes of AT and what are these effects and prescriptions? 7. 1. 2 The Modern Corporation, Effects Prescriptions in Agency Theory 7. 1. 2. 1 The Modern Corporation is Separation of Ownership and Control The model of the modern corporation used in AT is driven by the development in the mid 20th Century, where the corporation grew in size, complexity and in the need for external capital. This, combined with an increased stock market, a limit on managerial wealth and a need for efficient risk allocation (Fama 1980, Fama et al. 1983, Demsetz et al. 1997), meant an increase in the diffused ownership of companies amongst shareholders. As shareholders have a willingness to bear risk but do not necessarily possess the interest and time to actively manage the company (Brealey et al. 2008), a contractual relationship is created wherein an agent (manager) will manage the risk and control the company on behalf of the principal (shareholder), who is the residual claimant, risk bearer and owner of the company (Jensen et al. 1985, Fama et al. 1983). As such, the modern corporation is reduced to a ? nexus of contracts‘ between principals and agents and the separation of ownership and control is created (Jensen et al. 1976). 7. 1. 2. 2 The Effect of Conflict of Interest and Moral Hazard Given the separation of ownership and control, and the diverging risk profiles of the participating parties (Eisenhardt 1989, Jensen 1989), it cannot be expected that risk-averse managers (agents) will act in the interest of risk-neutral shareholders (principals) as it may not be in the manager‘s selfinterest to pursue shareholder wealth maximization (Bonazzi et. al. 2007, Lan et al. 2010, Demsetz et al. 1985). Jensen et al. (1985) argue that the three prominent problems with management that cause the conflict of interest are, 1) the choice of effort, 2) differential risk exposure, and 3) differential time horizon. The agency problem in separating ownership and control is therefore the assumed diverging goals of the ? cooperating parties? – the residual claimant and manager (Donaldson 1990, Hendrikse 2003). This inevitably increases the incentives for moral hazard and opportunistic Thomas Rudiger Smith 16 M. Sc. FSM Master Thesis: Agency Theory Its Consequences behavior as self-interest guides action (Demsetz et al. 1985). Moral hazard is central to AT, and is also referred to as hidden action or opportunistic behavior (Hendrikse 2003). However, hidden action refers specifically to the information asymmetry in the contractual relationship (Arrow 1968, Eisenhardt 1989), whereas opportunistic behavior is an inclination in the human (Jensen 1994)5. Moral hazard on the other hand, is the combination of these two terms together with the above described conflict of interest (Hendrikse 2003) and refers to the actual actions taken by the agent once the contract has been entered. The imperfect contract (Prendergast 1999) in the agency relationship makes the observation of true effort very difficult and as such causes the hidden action problem of asymmetric information (Arrow 1968). This inherently leads to an encouragement of moral hazard (Perrow 1986), where the principal will not know whether the agent has acted in accordance to the principal‘s interest (Shapiro 2005, Hendrikse 2003). It is therefore to be expected that the self-interested agent will shirk on the contract and carry out actions that are not in the interest of the principal (Hendrikse 2003, Eisenhardt 1989). Although moral hazard presumably is present in all types of relationships, Boyd et al. (1998) researched the possibilities for moral hazard in banking and found two possible areas of moral hazard. One is the relationship between the bank and their borrowers, the other is the moral hazard created from the cushion of the deposit insurance (John et al. 2000, Demsetz et al. 1997), as the deposit insurance reduces the interest from monitoring whilst simultaneously increasing the incentives for risk taking (Macey et al. 2003). Moral hazard is the exact problem that AT is designed to address through various mechanisms – most notable incentives and monitoring (Eisenhardt 1989). 7. 1. 2. 3 The Creation of Agency Costs The problem of moral hazard leads to costs for the firm associated with administering the contract, hereunder contracting, transaction, moral hazard and information costs – namely agency costs (Gomez-Mejia et al. 2005, Jensen et al. 1985). The level of the costs will depend on the ability of the principal to find an appropriate solution to reducing information asymmetries through measuring managerial performance, determining effective incentives, as well as implementing rules and Adverse Selection follows the same patterns as Moral Hazard, but deals with the selection of contracts and staff, and are more focused on pre-contractual areas of opportunistic behavior. Although a central part of agency theory, this section has less relevance for this thesis, and has therefore been described in the appendix 17. 2. 5 Thomas Rudiger Smith 17 M. Sc. FSM Master Thesis: Agency Theory Its Consequences regulations to limit unwanted behavior or moral hazard (Brickley et al. 1994, Gomez-Meija et al. 2005). Whilst achieving zero agency costs is practically impossible, as the marginal costs of doing so will eventually be higher than the accompanying benefits of perfect alignment (Jensen et al. 1976), monitoring and incentives intends to minimize them (Eisenhardt 1989, Jensen et al. 1985, Shapiro 2005)6. 7. 1. 2. 4 Monitoring and Incentives as Prescriptions of Agency Theory The proposed mechanisms for curbing moral hazard are generally monitoring and incentive contracts (Jensen 1993, Daily et al. 2003), where the board of directors (BOD) comprises the main monitoring mechanism. According to AT, they should act on behalf of the shareholders and hold foremost responsibility for the functioning of the firm, with the goal of reducing information asymmetries through ratifying and monitoring important decisions (Fama et al. 1983, Heath 2009, Shapiro 2005, Fama 1980). The BOD is therefore also responsible for controlling resource allocation and accompanying risks (Tufano 1998). The monitoring system provides an ex post control system (Jensen et al. 1976, Fama et al. 1983), where the extent of the monitoring in place will depend on the proclivities of management for opportunistic behavior and the costs and benefits related to its implementation (Jensen et al. 1976). The more effective the board is in obtaining information about agent behavior, the more likely the manager will be to act in the interest of the shareholder, and therefore fewer resources need be spent on aligning the interests through incentives (Hermalin et al. 1988, Eisenhardt 1989). Besides the BOD, incentives can be similarly employed to limit moral hazard on the part of the manager. The conflict of interest addressed earlier is in part caused by differing risk preferences, where managers are risk averse and shareholders risk-neutral. This often leads to contrasting predilections, where the manager will make less risky investments than preferred by the shareholders (Shapiro 2005, Eisenhardt 1989). This conflict can be mitigated by introducing a compensation scheme, in the form of a risk premium (Prendergast 1999), where rewards are based on outcome, commonly stock price (Hendrikse 2003). By tying part of managerial wealth to shareholder wealth, the incentive system can be utilized to create alignment between management and shareholders (Lan et al. 2010, Aulakh et al. 2000, Stroh et al. 1996). 6 Empirically speaking the possibility to accurately measure agency costs is near impossible, but the conceptual presence of these costs is what leads to the prescribed measures (Daily et al. 2003). Thomas Rudiger Smith 18 M. Sc. FSM Master Thesis: Agency Theory Its Consequences In this way, the wage becomes a bribe and a condition from the principal to the agent in order to induce certain behavior aligned with the principal‘s interest (Prendergast 1999). However, a noted problem with performance based pay is that „dysfunctional behavioral responses where agents emphasize only those aspects of performance that are rewarded? is present (Prendergast 1999, p. 8). As such, just as the principal may learn which incentives work the best, the agent learns which aspects of performance the principal is interested in and primarily seeks to optimize these exact aspects (Shapiro 2005, Brickley et al. 1994). The consequence becomes a system where everything is driven towards meeting measurable targets and not necessarily towards creating real value and growth (Porter 1992). A summation of the modern corporation in the eyes of AT, the effects and the prescriptions can be made as follows; ? The Modern Corporation = The Separation of Ownership Control and a Nexus of Contracts, where shareholders are the owners. ? The Effect of Separation of Ownership and Control = Conflict of Interest, Moral Hazard Agency Costs. ? The Prescriptions of Control = Monitoring Incentives. Upon understanding AT, its assumptions and focus on shareholder primacy, it is relevant to also critically question these. Particularly, how do the AT prescriptions impact the risk-taking in banking? 7. 2 The Consequence of Risk Taking Aligning managerial interests with that of shareholders may seemingly make sense. However the usage of outcome based incentives packages and a shareholder aligned board as prescribed by AT may lead to increased risk levels (John et al. 2000). In order to comprehend why, one has to understand the consequence of the diverging risk interests between shareholders and debtholders. Here option theory can provide a relevant reasoning. Figure 3 Structure 7. 2. 1 Equity as a call option According to option theory, equity can be viewed as a call option on the firm‘s assets (Brealey et al. Thomas Rudiger Smith 19 M. Sc. FSM Master Thesis: Ag

Socrates Essays (865 words) - Socratic Dialogues, Dialogues Of Plato

Socrates While reading Plato's Meno, Euthyphro, apology, and Crito, it became apparent that Socrates held very strong beliefs about the relationship between law and morality. Socrates makes it clear about the reasons laws should be or not be followed. He also clarifies his stand on why laws should be followed and why disobedience to the law is rarely justified. Socrates views humanity in the context that anybody is capable of wrongdoing. He continues with the elaboration that even returning an injury upon oneself is wrong. Socrates then makes a connection between the city and morality. If one is acting without the city's allowance, one is doing wrong toward the city and it's laws. Behaving wrongly towards the people is also doing wrong against the city. The wrongdoing would become a way of destroying the cities laws, and hurting citizens in the process. Socrates compares this relationship to that of how a child should not cause harm to his parents. By doing so you disrespect the laws within the city. Causing harm to your father would lead to conviction; further illustrating the fact that wrong against the law is a wrong against everybody who abides by that law. Socrates follows this by examining what each citizen is taught. From birth you are told to obey laws. You were brought to life from your mother and father and thus you should respect and obey the rules that they do. But the cities laws were there before you mother and father, and are therefor equally if not more important than the laws of your mother and father. The city's law should be respected at least as equally as one's parents should. Socrates then goes on to explain that you do not have the same rights as your parents. Because they have taught what is right and wrong, it is immoral to treat your parents as they treat you. Your parents must have a higher position than you because they taught you. This thought is then extended to the city with the quote ?One must obey the commands of one's city and country, or persuade it as to the nature of justice. It is impious to bring violence to bear against your mother or father, it is much more so to use it against you country.? (Crito, 46) One should obey your parents, but more important is the city. Because the city was that which has taught your ancestors and your parents, it must be superior to them. The cities laws being superior to your mother or father, should be respected and followed. Socrates explains his thoughts of the city and its rules as the nature of life. We were welcomed into the world by the city so it is immoral to fight against it. The laws should be ac cepted and followed. But one should not obey a law just because it is a law. What is moral has been taught to us by our parents, and to them from the city. It is their opinion that will tell us if our actions are moral or not. However, one aspect of the city and its laws is that you are not forced to do as it dictates. As Socrates explains, you have two options, to obey the law or not. But in regards to Socrates opinion, it is not another's opinion to decide what is right and wrong for us. But just as children argue with their parents, one doesn't have to do everything that he is told to. It is an immoral life to follow others opinions about morality. From Euthyphro Socrates opinion on how disobedience can be justified is shown. When Euthyhro accuses his father of murder, he states ?I say that the pious to do what I am doing now, to prosecute the wrongdoer, be it about murder or temple robbery or anything else, whether the wrongdoer is your father or your mother or anyone else; not to prosecute is impious.? (Euthyphro, 22) In this case, Socrates is defending himself. He doesn't believe in all the God's ideas and is justifying his opinion. He has similar thoughts about morality when he states ?I find it hard to accept things like that being said about the

Intro to Human Services Case Management essayEssay Writing Service

Intro to Human Services Case Management essayEssay Writing Service Intro to Human Services Case Management essay Intro to Human Services Case Management essay  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The case management involving the AIDS program and work with clients with AIDS may be quire challenging. At the same time, the focus on specific elements of case management can maximize its effectiveness.One of the main elements of the case management is the assessment. In case of work with clients with AIDS, the assessment involves not only physical examination of clients but also the assessment of their psychological condition and study of their social environment because they can affect the lifestyle and habits of patients. Therefore, they affect the recovery and rehabilitation of clients.The next element of the case management is planning, which has proved to be crucial in the treatment of clients with AIDS. The planning involves the long-run plan of the provision of health care and social care services. The development of the planning is essential because clients with AIDS need complex heal th care and social services. They may need the extensive psychological support. The planning is based on the assessment of needs of the target population. The adequate assessment of needs creates opportunities for the elaboration of the accurate plan. The accurate plan, in its turn, may contribute to the higher quality of living of clients compared to the quality the client could have had, if there were no plan.Monitoring and control is another important element of the case management. While working with clients with AIDS, monitoring and control helps to identify possible problems in the course of the plan implementation and resolve them.Thus, the aforementioned elements of the case management are crucial for the successful case management and work with clients with AIDS.

Effects of Leadership Style and Problem Structure on Work Group Proces Essay

Effects of Leadership Style and Problem Structure on Work Group Process - Essay Example Thus, I can break down the two components which I think is the most important in the group dynamics – task and relationship. I observed that in our group process of preparing the presentation, there are team members who are task-oriented and is focused on how to get the presentation done. They are very meticulous about punctuality during our meetings, doing our assigned research and tasks and our contribution to the group. They do not socialize that much with the other members of the group for reasons that may range from merely being shy to just wanting to get the presentation done. These group members prefer clarity in communication on what they should do more than the niceties of conversation. There is a downside with task-oriented people though, while task-oriented people can easily be asked to get things done, they are quite boring to work with because they lack interpersonal skills. The other component that fits the description of our group dynamics are those group members who are relationship oriented. For them, doing the presentation is more than just doing our part but also on being nice to each other and that it should be fun. I noticed that this type of group members take time to text and all other group members, not just about our presentation but other things as well. They also take time to socialize and talk about anything and could be pleasant to work with. Good and pleasant communication is important for them to work on their task (Mann, 1959). To illustrate the dynamics of our team when I did my presentation, I have prepared an SYMLOG diagram between this two type of group members in our team. I divided them into task and relationship, and negative and positive. The task and relationship grid describes their grouping and the positive and negative grid tells if their behaviour manifests the positive or negative aspect of the characteristic. I used the big circle for their dominant trait and the smaller circle for their less dominant trait.  

Ten Critical Steps for Risk Managers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 3

Ten Critical Steps for Risk Managers - Essay Example These may include services like having political risk intelligence. Next, risk managers as a way to protect their business in Congo DRC should make a list of the expected political risks and combine them in order to reduce the premiums to be paid for them as a way of protection whether in insurance protection or any other form of protection offered for the business in that country. Communication as another step is very important. This is communication by the risk managers to other stakeholders of the company on issues to do with the company including liability and property coverage, regular updates of the political situation and other logistics issues that may come in handy in prevention of losses from political chaos (Cook, Alston and Raia, 2004). Contract on the issue of risk coverage and any terms of payment in that line should be constantly reviewed and updated. This is a necessary step to be taken by the risk managers who really aim at protecting the business and preventing any form of political loss in this foreign country. Other than contract reviewing, it is necessary for a risk manager to have political risk intelligence which incorporates aspects like political risk insurance of economic and also political events that may occur in that country anytime and that may disrupt the business. This may require working with national intelligence services outside Congo DRC and other trade associations to make this step effective. The country has its own market standard policy conditions and rates that have to be followed if political risk is to be avoided for the business. These may include among others policies on currency conversion or licensing. Export market has its shares of risks that have to be addressed by the risk manager and especially in such a politically unstable country. This includes risks like nonpayment or even frustration of contracts and which may prove detrimental to the business if not effectively addressed by the risk

Doubt Is The Key To Knowledge

Doubt Is The Key To Knowledge Doubt is the feeling of uncertain towards the truth. Persian proverb says that doubt is the key to knowledge. The key here means that the uncertain feelings bring us closer to the truth and making the level of knowledge increases. But, is it applicable in our daily life? Does doubt keeps someone to expand his knowledge in everyday life? If in a situation, an IB student doubt either he would pass or not in the examination, would his uncertain feeling causes his knowledge to expand? As for me, I think I would struggle hard because I do not have the confidence to pass the IB examination. And of course, I will expand my knowledge. But, here in this essay, we are going to discuss to what extent doubt brings us closer to the truth in different two areas of knowledge. In this essay, we are going to discuss whether doubt triggers or hinders the search for knowledge in two areas of knowledge, which are History and Natural Science. From the point of view of History, doubt can widen our knowledge. If someone does not believe about some historical facts, this would cause him to search information to find the truth. The person may not believe about the fact as he did not see the event by himself. There is a saying said that, seeing is believing. By seeing, then only the person would believe. But, as History is the story about the past, the person could not move the time backwards. Therefore, the person can only start searching for the information through the historical books, journals, and other related materials to get a better understanding about the event and to prove that the event really happened. And this eventually leads the person to gain extra information than he needed. For example, if a person could not believe that the Abbasids rule was ruined by the Mongol people, he would also know the reason why Mongol people managed to sack Abbasids capital in Baghdad, the attitude of Abbasids people during the att ack and many other related information about the fall of the Abbasid caliphate when he searched the information about it. He would also be acquainted with the leader of the Mongols. Thus, based from the explanation and example given, these strongly prove that doubt in History can increase knowledge by bringing the knowledge closer to the truth. Next, if we are looking in Natural Science, doubt leads to more research, which means that it also leads to new findings. The uncertain feeling towards some existing theories leads the scientist to do research about it. The scientist would firstly made assumption through logic based from the theory he felt uncertain about. Then he has to formulate hypothesis and design appropriate experiment in order to prove that the existing theory is false and he also has to come up with a new theory based on his experiment. This process is called falsification, introduced by a philosopher, Karl Popper. Before establishing a new theory, there would be many practical experiment conducted and of course, many new discoveries found. This would also expand the knowledge when the experiment conducted show any unexpected results. For example, the periodic table has undergone many rearrangement and falsification processes by the previous scientist before it is being established as the modern and most reli able periodic table, created by Dmitri Mendeleev. The establishment of this modern periodic table was also due to the development of quantum mechanics theories by other scientist. Therefore, doubt in Natural Science trigger the scientist to carry out many researches in order to make progress in expanding the knowledge. Apart from that, doubt sometimes becomes the inhibitor to knowledge. Let us now discuss why doubt cannot become the key to knowledge in History and Natural Science. Well, doubt in History will not become the key to knowledge if it stands on its own. Due to limitation like emotion, the uncertain feeling towards the historical facts solely will not bring knowledge closer to the truth. The expanding of knowledge is limited by emotion means that the knower himself did not want to belief about new facts or findings that contradicts from what he believed. When a new fact is revealed by the historians, he would feel uncertain about the fact because the fact is totally different from his belief. And if he still wants to stick with his belief, he will not gain any knowledge. In History, it took time to change someones paradigm and if he was reluctant to be open-minded, the true knowledge will not be discovered. For example, during Britishs rule in Malaya, there were many local heroes who always protest against the government to fight for the rights of the Malayan. They were Dato Bahaman, Tok Janggut, Syarif Masahor, and many more. Local folks said that t hey were very (berjasa) to the country and their names were (dijulang). But, there were new facts that reveals about the truth of those warriors. They were actually gangsters. They were not as kind as the local folks thought. But, many local folks did not believe on these statements. They just ignore their uncertain feeling and they keep the faith that those heroes were very (berjasa) to the country. Therefore, the emotion of the knowers here inhibit in the search for the knowledge in History. Next, in Natural Science, doubt will become the inhibitor to knowledge when there is too much doubt. If the scientist is not certain about many things, he will not gain any information from his uncertain feelings. Excessive doubt will make something become more complex and the scientist might become confused too. When the theory becomes complex, the experiment to falsify the theory will become more complicated. And without the suitable and appropriate apparatus, the scientist cannot make any progress from the theory that he felt uncertain. As for an example, the existence of aliens or the living creatures from other planets cannot be proven true or false until nowadays. The technology that we have nowadays still cannot find the truth about them. To conclude here, in Natural Science, too much doubt will become a hindrance in gaining knowledge. We have seen that how doubt works as the key to knowledge in History and Natural Science. We also have known in what conditions doubt becomes a hindrance in gaining the knowledge. Doubt is very important to bring the knowledge closer and closer to the truth. However, we must not doubt too much in both History and Natural Science. We might ignore the excessive doubt that we have and finally no new knowledge will be discovered. Therefore, we must have an equal level between doubts and confident before accepting and believing the truth. Hence, doubt can be considered as the main key in gaining knowledge.

Comparing The Lottery by Shirley Jackson and The Ones Who Walk Away from Omelas by Ursula K. Le Guin :: comparison compare contrast essays

Comparing "The Lottery by Shirley Jackson" and "The Ones Who Walk Away from Omelas" by Ursula K. Le Guin      Ã‚   The differences between "The Lottery" by Shirley Jackson and "The Ones Who Walk Away from Omelas" by Ursula K. Le Guin seem relatively minor when compared to the striking similarities they contain in setting, symbols, and theme.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Each of the stories begin with a description of a beautiful summer day. "The flowers were blooming profusely and the grass was richly green"(para 1) in "The Lottery" is quite comparable to "old moss-grown gardens and under avenues of trees"(para 1) in "...Omelas."   These descriptions (along with several others) provide positive connotations and allow the reader to relax into what seems to be a comfortable setting in either story.   Both stories also contain a gathering of townspeople.   In "...Omelas there is music, dance, and special attire incorporated in the gathering, whereas in "The Lottery," the women show up "wearing faded house dresses and sweaters."   Although Le Guin's environment seems more festive, all the folks in both stories are coming together for what seems to be   enjoyable, even celebratory occasions.   However, I believe the major similarity lies in the fact that   these many pleasant details create a facade within each story.   The reader is then left ill-prepared when the shocking, brutally violent, ritualistic traditions are exposed.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Children are an important focus in both stories.   Jackson makes it easy for us to imagine their "boisterous play"(para 2), and Le Guin writes "their high calls rising like swallows' crossing flights over the music and the singing"(para1).   I see these children being used to symbolize perceived states of happiness in both stories.   I also believe they are vital necessities in each story because they are taught and expected to carry traditions into the future. For instance, in "The Lottery,"   "someone gave little Davy Hutchinson a few pebbles"(para 76),   he is then able to participate in the stoning of his own mother, and in "...Omelas," the tradition "is usually explained to children when they are between eight and twelve"(para 10), and of course, the victim in this tale is a child.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The fact that both authors include references to farming may be due to the association between farming and tradition.

Ap Human Geography Chapter 2 Study Guide

AP Human Geography Chapter 2 Study Guide Terms: population density – a measurement of the number of people per given unit of land  ·arithmetic population density – the population of a country or region expressed as an average per unit area  ·physiologic population density – the number of people per unit area of arable land  ·population distribution – description of locations on the Earth's surface where populations live  ·dot maps – maps where one dot represents a certain number of a phenomenon, such as population  ·megalopolis – term used to designate large coalescing supercities that are forming in diverse parts of the world  ·census – a periodic and official count of a country's population  ·doubling time – time required for a population do double population explosion – rapid growth of worlds human population during the last century  ·natural increase – population growth measured as excess of liv e births over live deaths  ·crude birth rate (CBR) – number of live births yearly per thousand people  ·crude death rate (CDR) – number of live deaths yearly per thousand people  ·demographic transition – multi stage model of changes in population growth in countries undergoing industrialization  ·stationary population level (SPL) – level at which national population ceases to grow  ·population composition – structure of a population in terms of age, sex, and other properties  ·population pyramids – visual representation of age and sex composition of a population  ·infant mortality rate (IMR) – describes the number of babies that die within the first year of their lives  ·child mortality rate (CMR) – number of children that die between the first and fifth year of their lives  ·life expectancy – how long, on average, a person may be expected to live  ·AIDS – Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome à ‚ ·chronic diseases – long lasting afflictions now more common because of higher life expectancies  ·expansive population policies – government policies that encourage large families  ·eugenic population policies – government policies to favor one racial sector  ·restrictive population olicies- government policies to reduce the rate of natural increase Notes  ·Change in population is calculated using the following: Global Population Formula – p1 = p0 + b(irths) – d(eaths) Sub-Global Population Formula – p1 = p0 + b – d + i(mports) – e(xports) Net Migration Formula – p1 – p0 + RNI + nm  ·Types of population density: arithmetic density, agricultural density, physiological density, urban density, residential density  ·Major World Population Centers – China, India, Russia, Central Europe, Asia, Northeast Africa, Northeast U. S.  ·Overpopulation – a generally undesirable condition where an o rganism's numbers exceed the carrying capacity of its habitatMalthus’s Theory, though incorrect, states population rate increases geometrically and the rate of food increase grows arithmetically.  ·Demographic Transition Model (http://www. main-vision. com/richard/demographic. htm) Stage 1: Stage one of the demographic transition model is the most primitive of the stages where there is a high fluctuating birth and death rate. Because of this there is no great population growth. These countries or even tribes have very basic living standards such as those in the Amazon rainforest where they hardly have any education, medicaments or birth rates such that population is based on food supply, health of tribe members etc.Other factors involved are no family planning therefore many children or because of the faith of the people which may look at large families as a sign of verility etc. Stage 2: In this stage of the demographic transition model there are a lot of births, however t he death rate has gone down to about 20/1000 infants who die. This results in a rise in population due to the fact that more infants are surviving. Reasons for which more people may be surviving may be better health care, improved sanitation such as water etc, more transport and medical care as well as inventions relating to this. In other words this stage involves a slight modernisation in health care raising people's living standards as well as there life expectancy.Stage 3: Stage three is the stage at which there is already a low death rate as well as a declining birth rate therefore leading to a slight increase in population. The reason for the fall in births may be due to family planning, better education, lower infant mortality rate, a more industrialised way of life and the want for more material possesions as well as women being able to go out to work. In other words these countries are in the final stages of becoming like the western countries such as the states and those i n Europe. Stage 4: Stage four is the one at which Switzerland is. There is a stable population whithout much change because both the death and birth rate are low and in some cases there are more deaths than births therefore leading to a possible stage five. Possibly a stage five? A country such as Sweden is currently entering into the negative growth rate meaning that there are less births than deaths so that the country's population size is decreasing leading to problems which will be discussed later on this page.  ·A population pyramid, also called an age structure diagram, is a graphical illustration that shows the distribution of various age groups in a population (typically that of a country or region of the world), which forms the shape of a pyramid when the population is growing.  ·There is a predicted stage 5 of population growth that will level off at 10 billion people. The world’s population will progressively increase until it ultimately reaches this point.  ·Geography of health is the application of geographical information, perspectives, and methods to the study of health, disease, and health care. Epidemiological transition is a phase of development witnessed by a sudden and stark increase in population growth rates brought about by medical innovation in disease or sickness therapy and treatment, followed by a re-leveling of population growth from subsequent declines in fertility rates. The epidemiological transition model represents the developments resulting from epidemiological transition (disease and treatment).  ·The People's Republic of China has pursued anti-natalist policies, notably the ‘one-child’ strategy, for over a decade. While anti-natalist government policies may be instrumental in lowering birth rate, state coercion may have unexpected and damaging results; reports in 1995 suggested that abortion of female children had become common in China, so that male : female sex ratios at birth had become grotesq uely imbalanced.